Test playbook using molecule (#67)

* Test cluster using molecule

* Fix detection of first control node

* Include --flannel-iface and --node-ip as k3s arguments

* Store logs of k3s-init.service as GitHub job artifacts

.ansible-lint

@@ -1,3 +1,16 @@
 ---
+exclude_paths:
+  # default paths
+  - '.cache/'
+  - '.github/'
+  - 'test/fixtures/formatting-before/'
+  - 'test/fixtures/formatting-prettier/'
+
+  # The "converge" and "reset" playbooks use import_playbook in
+  # conjunction with the "env" lookup plugin, which lets the
+  # syntax check of ansible-lint fail.
+  - '**/converge.yml'
+  - '**/reset.yml'
+
 skip_list:
   - 'fqcn-builtins'

.github/workflows/test.yml

@@ -7,24 +7,21 @@ on:
       - master
 
 jobs:
-  vagrant:
-    name: Vagrant
+  molecule:
+    name: Molecule
     runs-on: macos-12
 
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        scenario:
+          - default
     env:
-      HOMEBREW_NO_INSTALL_CLEANUP: 1
-      VAGRANT_CWD: ${{ github.workspace }}/vagrant
+      PYTHON_VERSION: "3.10"
 
     steps:
       - name: Check out the codebase
         uses: actions/checkout@2541b1294d2704b0964813337f33b291d3f8596b # 3.0.2
 
-      - name: Install Ansible
-        run: brew install ansible
-
-      - name: Install role dependencies
-        run: ansible-galaxy install -r collections/requirements.yml
-
       - name: Configure VirtualBox
         run: >-
           sudo mkdir -p /etc/vbox &&
@@ -39,31 +36,29 @@ jobs:
           restore-keys: |
             vagrant-boxes
 
-      - name: Create virtual machines
-        run: vagrant up
-        timeout-minutes: 10
+      - name: Set up Python ${{ env.PYTHON_VERSION }}
+        uses: actions/setup-python@v2
+        with:
+          python-version: ${{ env.PYTHON_VERSION }}
 
-      - name: Provision cluster using Ansible
-        # Since Ansible sets up _all_ machines, it is sufficient to run it only
-        # once (i.e, for a single node - we are choosing control1 here)
-        run: vagrant provision control1 --provision-with ansible
-        timeout-minutes: 25
+      - name: Install dependencies
+        run: >-
+          python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip &&
+          python3 -m pip install -r requirements.txt
 
-      - name: Set up kubectl on the host
-        run: brew install kubectl &&
-          mkdir -p ~/.kube &&
-          vagrant ssh control1 --command "cat ~/.kube/config" > ~/.kube/config
+      - name: Test with molecule
+        run: molecule test --scenario-name ${{ matrix.scenario }}
+        env:
+          ANSIBLE_K3S_LOG_DIR: ${{ runner.temp }}/logs/k3s-ansible/${{ matrix.scenario }}
 
-      - name: Show cluster nodes
-        run: kubectl describe -A nodes
-
-      - name: Show cluster pods
-        run: kubectl describe -A pods
-
-      - name: Test cluster
-        run: $VAGRANT_CWD/test_cluster.py --verbose --locals
-        timeout-minutes: 5
-
-      - name: Destroy virtual machines
+      - name: Upload log files
         if: always() # do this even if a step before has failed
-        run: vagrant destroy --force
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@3cea5372237819ed00197afe530f5a7ea3e805c8 # 3.1.0
+        with:
+          name: logs
+          path: |
+            ${{ runner.temp }}/logs
+
+      - name: Delete old box versions
+        if: always() # do this even if a step before has failed
+        run: vagrant box prune --force

.gitignore

@@ -1 +1 @@
-.vagrant
+.env/

README.md

@@ -100,12 +100,12 @@ See the commands [here](https://docs.technotim.live/posts/k3s-etcd-ansible/#test
 
 Be sure to see [this post](https://github.com/techno-tim/k3s-ansible/discussions/20) on how to troubleshoot common problems
 
-### 🔷 Vagrant
+### Testing the playbook using molecule
 
-You may want to kickstart your k3s cluster by using Vagrant to quickly build you all needed VMs with one command.
-Head to the `vagrant` subfolder and type `vagrant up` to get your environment setup.
-After the VMs have got build, deploy k3s using the Ansible playbook `site.yml` by the
-`vagrant provision --provision-with ansible` command.
+This playbook includes a [molecule](https://molecule.rtfd.io/)-based test setup.
+It is run automatically in CI, but you can also run the tests locally.
+This might be helpful for quick feedback in a few cases.
+You can find more information about it [here](molecule/README.md).
 
 ## Thanks 🤝
 

collections/requirements.yml

@@ -2,3 +2,4 @@
 collections:
   - name: community.general
   - name: ansible.posix
+  - name: kubernetes.core

inventory/sample/group_vars/all.yml

@@ -17,9 +17,23 @@ apiserver_endpoint: "192.168.30.222"
 # this token should be alpha numeric only
 k3s_token: "some-SUPER-DEDEUPER-secret-password"
 
-# change these to your liking, the only required one is--disable servicelb
-extra_server_args: "--disable servicelb --disable traefik"
-extra_agent_args: ""
+# The IP on which the node is reachable in the cluster.
+# Here, a sensible default is provided, you can still override
+# it for each of your hosts, though.
+k3s_node_ip: '{{ ansible_facts[flannel_iface]["ipv4"]["address"] }}'
+
+# these arguments are recommended for servers as well as agents:
+extra_args: >-
+  --flannel-iface={{ flannel_iface }}
+  --node-ip={{ k3s_node_ip }}
+
+# change these to your liking, the only required one is --disable servicelb
+extra_server_args: >-
+  {{ extra_args }}
+  --disable servicelb
+  --disable traefik
+extra_agent_args: >-
+  {{ extra_args }}
 
 # image tag for kube-vip
 kube_vip_tag_version: "v0.5.0"

molecule/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+# Test suites for `k3s-ansible`
+
+This folder contains the [molecule](https://molecule.rtfd.io/)-based test setup for this playbook.
+
+## Scenarios
+
+We have these scenarios:
+
+- **default**:
+  A 3 control + 2 worker node cluster based very closely on the [sample inventory](../inventory/sample/).
+
+## How to execute
+
+To test on your local machine, follow these steps:
+
+### System requirements
+
+Make sure that the following software packages are available on your system:
+
+- [Python 3](https://www.python.org/downloads)
+- [Vagrant](https://www.vagrantup.com/downloads)
+- [VirtualBox](https://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Downloads)
+
+### Set up VirtualBox networking on Linux and macOS
+
+_You can safely skip this if you are working on Windows._
+
+Furthermore, the test cluster uses the `192.168.30.0/24` subnet which is [not set up by VirtualBox automatically](https://www.virtualbox.org/manual/ch06.html#network_hostonly).
+To set the subnet up for use with VirtualBox, please make sure that `/etc/vbox/networks.conf` exists and that it contains this line:
+
+```
+* 192.168.30.0/24`
+```
+
+### Install Python dependencies
+
+You will get [Molecule, Ansible and a few extra dependencies](../requirements.txt) via [pip](https://pip.pypa.io/).
+Usually, it is advisable to work in a [virtual environment](https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/venv.html) for this:
+
+```bash
+cd /path/to/k3s-ansible
+
+# Create a virtualenv at ".env". You only need to do this once.
+python3 -m venv .env
+
+# Activate the virtualenv for your current shell session.
+# If you start a new session, you will have to repeat this.
+source .env/bin/activate
+
+# Install the required packages into the virtualenv.
+# These remain installed across shell sessions.
+python3 -m pip install -r requirements.txt
+```
+
+### Run molecule
+
+With the virtual environment from the previous step active in your shell session, you can now use molecule to test the playbook.
+Interesting commands are:
+
+- `molecule create`: Create virtual machines for the test cluster nodes.
+- `molecule destroy`: Delete the virtual machines for the test cluster nodes.
+- `molecule converge`: Run the `site` playbook on the nodes of the test cluster.
+- `molecule side_effect`: Run the `reset` playbook on the nodes of the test cluster.
+- `molecule verify`: Verify that the cluster works correctly.
+- `molecule test`: The "all-in-one" sequence of steps that is executed in CI.
+  This includes the `create`, `converge`, `verify`, `side_effect` and `destroy` steps.
+  See [`molecule.yml`](default/molecule.yml) for more details.

molecule/default/molecule.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+---
+dependency:
+  name: galaxy
+driver:
+  name: vagrant
+platforms:
+  - &control
+    name: control1
+    box: generic/ubuntu2204
+    memory: 2048
+    cpus: 2
+    config_options:
+      # We currently can not use public-key based authentication on Ubuntu 22.04,
+      # see: https://github.com/chef/bento/issues/1405
+      ssh.username: "vagrant"
+      ssh.password: "vagrant"
+    groups:
+      - k3s_cluster
+      - master
+    interfaces:
+      - network_name: private_network
+        ip: 192.168.30.38
+  - <<: *control
+    name: control2
+    interfaces:
+      - network_name: private_network
+        ip: 192.168.30.39
+  - <<: *control
+    name: control3
+    interfaces:
+      - network_name: private_network
+        ip: 192.168.30.40
+  - &node
+    <<: *control
+    name: node1
+    groups:
+      - k3s_cluster
+      - node
+    interfaces:
+      - network_name: private_network
+        ip: 192.168.30.41
+  - <<: *node
+    name: node2
+    interfaces:
+      - network_name: private_network
+        ip: 192.168.30.42
+provisioner:
+  name: ansible
+  playbooks:
+    converge: ../resources/converge.yml
+    side_effect: ../resources/reset.yml
+    verify: ../resources/verify.yml
+  inventory:
+    links:
+      group_vars: ../../inventory/sample/group_vars
+  env:
+    OVERRIDES_FILE: ../default/overrides.yml
+scenario:
+  test_sequence:
+    - dependency
+    - lint
+    - cleanup
+    - destroy
+    - syntax
+    - create
+    - prepare
+    - converge
+    # idempotence is not possible with the playbook in its current form.
+    - verify
+    # We are repurposing side_effect here to test the reset playbook.
+    # This is why we do not run it before verify (which tests the cluster),
+    # but after the verify step.
+    - side_effect
+    - cleanup
+    - destroy

molecule/default/overrides.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+---
+- name: Apply overrides
+  hosts: all
+  tasks:
+    - name: Override host variables
+      ansible.builtin.set_fact:
+        # See: https://github.com/flannel-io/flannel/blob/67d603aaf45ef80f5dd39f43714fc5e6f8a637eb/Documentation/troubleshooting.md#Vagrant  # noqa yaml[line-length]
+        flannel_iface: eth1
+
+        # The test VMs might be a bit slow, so we give them more time to join the cluster:
+        retry_count: 45

molecule/resources/converge.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+---
+- name: Apply overrides
+  ansible.builtin.import_playbook: >-
+    {{ lookup("ansible.builtin.env", "OVERRIDES_FILE") }}
+
+- name: Converge
+  ansible.builtin.import_playbook: ../../site.yml

molecule/resources/reset.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+---
+- name: Apply overrides
+  ansible.builtin.import_playbook: >-
+    {{ lookup("ansible.builtin.env", "OVERRIDES_FILE") }}
+
+- name: Reset
+  ansible.builtin.import_playbook: ../../reset.yml

molecule/resources/verify.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+- name: Verify
+  hosts: all
+  roles:
+    - verify/from_outside

molecule/resources/verify/from_outside/defaults/main.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+---
+# A host outside of the cluster from which the checks shall be performed
+outside_host: localhost
+
+# This kubernetes namespace will be used for testing
+testing_namespace: molecule-verify-from-outside
+
+# The directory in which the example manifests reside
+example_manifests_path: ../../../../example

molecule/resources/verify/from_outside/tasks/kubecfg-cleanup.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+- name: Clean up kubecfg
+  ansible.builtin.file:
+    path: "{{ kubecfg.path }}"
+    state: absent

molecule/resources/verify/from_outside/tasks/kubecfg-fetch.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+---
+- name: Create temporary directory for kubecfg
+  ansible.builtin.tempfile:
+    state: directory
+    suffix: kubecfg
+  register: kubecfg
+- name: Gathering facts
+  delegate_to: "{{ groups['master'][0] }}"
+  ansible.builtin.gather_facts:
+- name: Download kubecfg
+  ansible.builtin.fetch:
+    src: "{{ ansible_env.HOME }}/.kube/config"
+    dest: "{{ kubecfg.path }}/"
+    flat: true
+  delegate_to: "{{ groups['master'][0] }}"
+  delegate_facts: true
+- name: Store path to kubecfg
+  ansible.builtin.set_fact:
+    kubecfg_path: "{{ kubecfg.path }}/config"

molecule/resources/verify/from_outside/tasks/main.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+---
+- name: Verify
+  run_once: true
+  delegate_to: "{{ outside_host }}"
+  block:
+    - ansible.builtin.import_tasks: kubecfg-fetch.yml
+    - name: "TEST CASE: Get nodes"
+      ansible.builtin.include_tasks: test/get-nodes.yml
+    - name: "TEST CASE: Deploy example"
+      ansible.builtin.include_tasks: test/deploy-example.yml
+  always:
+    - ansible.builtin.import_tasks: kubecfg-cleanup.yml

molecule/resources/verify/from_outside/tasks/test/deploy-example.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+---
+- name: Deploy example
+  block:
+    - name: "Create namespace: {{ testing_namespace }}"
+      kubernetes.core.k8s:
+        api_version: v1
+        kind: Namespace
+        name: "{{ testing_namespace }}"
+        state: present
+        wait: true
+        kubeconfig: "{{ kubecfg_path }}"
+
+    - name: Apply example manifests
+      kubernetes.core.k8s:
+        src: "{{ example_manifests_path }}/{{ item }}"
+        namespace: "{{ testing_namespace }}"
+        state: present
+        wait: true
+        kubeconfig: "{{ kubecfg_path }}"
+      with_items:
+        - deployment.yml
+        - service.yml
+
+    - name: Get info about nginx service
+      kubernetes.core.k8s_info:
+        kind: service
+        name: nginx
+        namespace: "{{ testing_namespace }}"
+        kubeconfig: "{{ kubecfg_path }}"
+      vars: &load_balancer_metadata
+        metallb_ip: status.loadBalancer.ingress[0].ip
+        metallb_port: spec.ports[0].port
+      register: nginx_services
+
+    - name: Assert that the nginx welcome page is available
+      ansible.builtin.uri:
+        url: http://{{ ip }}:{{ port }}/
+        return_content: yes
+      register: result
+      failed_when: "'Welcome to nginx!' not in result.content"
+      vars:
+        ip: >-
+          {{ nginx_services.resources[0].status.loadBalancer.ingress[0].ip }}
+        port: >-
+          {{ nginx_services.resources[0].spec.ports[0].port }}
+
+  always:
+    - name: "Remove namespace: {{ testing_namespace }}"
+      kubernetes.core.k8s:
+        api_version: v1
+        kind: Namespace
+        name: "{{ testing_namespace }}"
+        state: absent
+        kubeconfig: "{{ kubecfg_path }}"

molecule/resources/verify/from_outside/tasks/test/get-nodes.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+---
+- name: Get all nodes in cluster
+  kubernetes.core.k8s_info:
+    kind: node
+    kubeconfig: "{{ kubecfg_path }}"
+  register: cluster_nodes
+
+- name: Assert that the cluster contains exactly the expected nodes
+  ansible.builtin.assert:
+    that: found_nodes == expected_nodes
+    success_msg: "Found nodes as expected: {{ found_nodes }}"
+    fail_msg: "Expected nodes {{ expected_nodes }}, but found nodes {{ found_nodes }}"
+  vars:
+    found_nodes: >-
+      {{ cluster_nodes | json_query('resources[*].metadata.name') | unique }}
+    expected_nodes: >-
+      {{ (groups['master'] + groups['node']) | unique }}

requirements.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+ansible-core>=2.13.2
+jmespath
+jsonpatch
+kubernetes>=12.0.0
+molecule-vagrant>=1.0.0
+molecule>=4.0.1
+pyyaml>=3.11

roles/k3s/master/defaults/main.yml

@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
 ansible_user: root
 server_init_args: >-
   {% if groups['master'] | length > 1 %}
-    {% if ansible_host == hostvars[groups['master'][0]]['ansible_host'] | default(groups['master'][0]) %}
+    {% if ansible_hostname == hostvars[groups['master'][0]]['ansible_hostname'] %}
       --cluster-init
     {% else %}
-      --server https://{{ hostvars[groups['master'][0]]['ansible_host'] | default(groups['master'][0]) }}:6443
+      --server https://{{ hostvars[groups['master'][0]].k3s_node_ip }}:6443
     {% endif %}
     --token {{ k3s_token }}
   {% endif %}

roles/k3s/master/tasks/fetch_k3s_init_logs.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+---
+# Download logs of k3s-init.service from the nodes to localhost.
+# Note that log_destination must be set.
+
+- name: Fetch k3s-init.service logs
+  ansible.builtin.command:
+    cmd: journalctl --all --unit=k3s-init.service
+  changed_when: false
+  register: k3s_init_log
+
+- name: Create {{ log_destination }}
+  delegate_to: localhost
+  run_once: true
+  become: false
+  ansible.builtin.file:
+    path: "{{ log_destination }}"
+    state: directory
+    mode: "0755"
+
+- name: Store logs to {{ log_destination }}
+  delegate_to: localhost
+  become: false
+  ansible.builtin.template:
+    src: content.j2
+    dest: "{{ log_destination }}/k3s-init@{{ ansible_hostname }}.log"
+    mode: 0644
+  vars:
+    content: "{{ k3s_init_log.stdout }}"

roles/k3s/master/tasks/main.yml

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
     owner: root
     group: root
     mode: 0644
-  when: ansible_host == hostvars[groups['master'][0]]['ansible_host'] | default(groups['master'][0])
+  when: ansible_hostname == hostvars[groups['master'][0]]['ansible_hostname']
 
 - name: Copy vip rbac manifest to first master
   template:
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
     owner: root
     group: root
     mode: 0644
-  when: ansible_host == hostvars[groups['master'][0]]['ansible_host'] | default(groups['master'][0])
+  when: ansible_hostname == hostvars[groups['master'][0]]['ansible_hostname']
 
 - name: Copy vip manifest to first master
   template:
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
     owner: root
     group: root
     mode: 0644
-  when: ansible_host == hostvars[groups['master'][0]]['ansible_host'] | default(groups['master'][0])
+  when: ansible_hostname == hostvars[groups['master'][0]]['ansible_hostname']
 
 # these will be copied and installed now, then tested later and apply config
 - name: Copy metallb namespace to first master
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@
     owner: root
     group: root
     mode: 0644
-  when: ansible_host == hostvars[groups['master'][0]]['ansible_host'] | default(groups['master'][0])
+  when: ansible_hostname == hostvars[groups['master'][0]]['ansible_hostname']
 
 - name: Copy metallb namespace to first master
   template:
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@
     owner: root
     group: root
     mode: 0644
-  when: ansible_host == hostvars[groups['master'][0]]['ansible_host'] | default(groups['master'][0])
+  when: ansible_hostname == hostvars[groups['master'][0]]['ansible_hostname']
 
 - name: Init cluster inside the transient k3s-init service
   command:
@@ -80,6 +80,12 @@
       delay: 10
       changed_when: false
   always:
+    - name: Save logs of k3s-init.service
+      include_tasks: fetch_k3s_init_logs.yml
+      when: log_destination
+      vars:
+        log_destination: >-
+          {{ lookup('ansible.builtin.env', 'ANSIBLE_K3S_LOG_DIR', default=False) }}
     - name: Kill the temporary service used for initialization
       systemd:
         name: k3s-init

roles/k3s/master/templates/content.j2

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{#
+    This is a really simple template that just outputs the
+    value of the "content" variable.
+#}
+{{ content }}

vagrant/Vagrantfile

@@ -1,79 +0,0 @@
-# -*- mode: ruby -*-
-# vi: set ft=ruby :
-
-Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
-    # General configuration
-    config.vm.box = "generic/ubuntu2204"
-    config.vm.synced_folder ".", "/vagrant", disabled: true
-    config.ssh.insert_key = false
-
-    config.vm.provider :virtualbox do |v|
-        v.memory = 2048
-        v.cpus = 2
-        v.linked_clone = true
-    end
-
-    # Control Node 1
-    config.vm.define "control1" do |control1|
-        control1.vm.hostname = "control1"
-        control1.vm.network "private_network", ip: "192.168.30.38"
-    end
-
-    # Control Node 2
-    config.vm.define "control2" do |control2|
-        control2.vm.hostname = "control2"
-        control2.vm.network "private_network", ip: "192.168.30.39"
-    end
-
-    # Control Node 3
-    config.vm.define "control3" do |control3|
-        control3.vm.hostname = "control3"
-        control3.vm.network "private_network", ip: "192.168.30.40"
-    end
-
-    # Worker Node 1
-    config.vm.define "node1" do |node1|
-        node1.vm.hostname = "node1"
-        node1.vm.network "private_network", ip: "192.168.30.41"
-    end
-
-    # Worker Node 2
-    config.vm.define "node2" do |node2|
-        node2.vm.hostname = "node2"
-        node2.vm.network "private_network", ip: "192.168.30.42"
-    end
-
-    config.vm.provision "ansible",type: "ansible", run: "never" do |ansible|
-        ansible.playbook = "../site.yml"
-        ansible.limit = "all"
-        ansible.groups = {
-          "master" => ["control1", "control2", "control3"],
-          "node" => ["node1", "node2"],
-          "k3s_cluster:children" => ["master", "node"],
-          "k3s_cluster:vars" => {"k3s_version" => "v1.24.4+k3s1",
-                                 "ansible_user" => "vagrant",
-                                 "systemd_dir" => "/etc/systemd/system",
-                                 "flannel_iface" => "eth1",
-                                 "apiserver_endpoint" => "192.168.30.222",
-                                 "k3s_token" => "supersecret",
-                                 "extra_server_args" => "--node-ip={{ ansible_eth1.ipv4.address }} --flannel-iface={{ flannel_iface }} --no-deploy servicelb --no-deploy traefik",
-                                 "extra_agent_args" => "--flannel-iface={{ flannel_iface }}",
-                                 "kube_vip_tag_version" => "v0.5.0",
-                                 "metal_lb_speaker_tag_version" => "v0.13.4",
-                                 "metal_lb_controller_tag_version" => "v0.13.4",
-                                 "metal_lb_ip_range" => "192.168.30.80-192.168.30.90",
-                                 "retry_count" => "60"}
-        }
-        ansible.host_vars = {
-          "control1" => {
-            "server_init_args" => "--cluster-init --token {{ k3s_token }} {{ extra_server_args | default('') }}"
-          },
-          "control2" => {
-            "server_init_args" => "--server https://192.168.30.38:6443 --token {{ k3s_token }} {{ extra_server_args | default('') }}"
-          },
-          "control3" => {
-            "server_init_args" => "--server https://192.168.30.38:6443 --token {{ k3s_token }} {{ extra_server_args | default('') }}"
-          }
-        }
-    end
-end

vagrant/test_cluster.py

@@ -1,114 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python3
-
-# Perform a few tests on a cluster created with this playbook.
-# To simplify test execution, the scripts does not depend on any third-party
-# packages, only the Python standard library.
-
-import json
-import subprocess
-import unittest
-from pathlib import Path
-from time import sleep
-from warnings import warn
-
-
-VAGRANT_DIR = Path(__file__).parent.absolute()
-PLAYBOOK_DIR = VAGRANT_DIR.parent.absolute()
-
-
-class TestK3sCluster(unittest.TestCase):
-    def _kubectl(self, args: str, json_out: bool = True) -> dict | None:
-        cmd = "kubectl"
-        if json_out:
-            cmd += " -o json"
-        cmd += f" {args}"
-
-        result = subprocess.run(cmd, capture_output=True, shell=True, check=True)
-
-        if json_out:
-            return json.loads(result.stdout)
-        else:
-            return None
-
-    def _curl(self, url: str) -> str:
-        options = [
-            "--silent",  # no progress info
-            "--show-error",  # ... but errors should still be shown
-            "--fail",  # set exit code on error
-            "--location",  # follow redirects
-        ]
-        cmd = f'curl {" ".join(options)} "{url}"'
-
-        result = subprocess.run(cmd, capture_output=True, shell=True, check=True)
-        output = result.stdout.decode("utf-8")
-        return output
-
-    def _apply_manifest(self, manifest_file: Path) -> dict:
-        apply_result = self._kubectl(
-            f'apply --filename="{manifest_file}" --cascade="background"'
-        )
-        self.addCleanup(
-            lambda: self._kubectl(
-                f'delete --filename="{manifest_file}"',
-                json_out=False,
-            )
-        )
-        return apply_result
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _retry(function, retries: int = 5, seconds_between_retries=1):
-        for retry in range(1, retries + 1):
-            try:
-                return function()
-            except Exception as exc:
-                if retry < retries:
-                    sleep(seconds_between_retries)
-                    continue
-                else:
-                    raise exc
-
-    def _get_load_balancer_ip(
-        self,
-        service: str,
-        namespace: str = "default",
-    ) -> str | None:
-        svc_description = self._kubectl(
-            f'get --namespace="{namespace}" service "{service}"'
-        )
-        ip = svc_description["status"]["loadBalancer"]["ingress"][0]["ip"]
-        return ip
-
-    def test_nodes_exist(self):
-        out = self._kubectl("get nodes")
-        node_names = {item["metadata"]["name"] for item in out["items"]}
-        self.assertEqual(
-            node_names,
-            {"control1", "control2", "control3", "node1", "node2"},
-        )
-
-    def test_ip_address_pool_exists(self):
-        out = self._kubectl("get --all-namespaces IpAddressPool")
-        pools = out["items"]
-        self.assertGreater(len(pools), 0)
-
-    def test_nginx_example_page(self):
-        # Deploy the manifests to the cluster
-        deployment = self._apply_manifest(PLAYBOOK_DIR / "example" / "deployment.yml")
-        service = self._apply_manifest(PLAYBOOK_DIR / "example" / "service.yml")
-
-        # Assert that the dummy page is available
-        metallb_ip = self._retry(
-            lambda: self._get_load_balancer_ip(service["metadata"]["name"])
-        )
-        # Now that an IP address was assigned, let's reload the service description:
-        service = self._kubectl(f'get service "{service["metadata"]["name"]}"')
-        metallb_port = service["spec"]["ports"][0]["port"]
-
-        response_body = self._retry(
-            lambda: self._curl(f"http://{metallb_ip}:{metallb_port}/")
-        )
-        self.assertIn("Welcome to nginx!", response_body)
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    unittest.main()